Table 1 Examples of available methods to measure cardiac output
From: Clinical review: Update on hemodynamic monitoring - a consensus of 16
Method | System | Limitations |
|---|---|---|
Thermodilution | PAC | Invasiveness - training required |
Transpulmonary indicator dilution | PiCCO® | Decreased accuracy? |
Need for dedicated arterial catheter | ||
LiDCO™ | Decreased accuracy? | |
Need for lithium injection | ||
Interference by non-depolarizing muscle relaxants; inaccurate in case of hyponatremia | ||
COstatus® | Decreased accuracy? | |
VolumeView™ | Decreased accuracy? | |
Need for dedicated arterial catheter | ||
Arterial-pressure waveform-derived | PiCCO®, LiDCO™, Vigileo™, MostCare™ | Decreased accuracy, need for optimal arterial pressure tracing |
Esophageal Doppler | CardioQ™, WAKIe TO | Training required, intermittent measurement |
Suprasternal Doppler | USCOM® | Difficult in some patients |
Echocardiography | Vivid™, Sonosite MicroMaxx®, Philips CX50™, and so on | Training required, intermittent measurement |
Partial CO2 rebreathing | NiCO® | Less reliable in respiratory failure |
Bioimpedance | Lifegard®, TEBCO®, Hotman®, BioZ®, and so on | Less reliable in critically ill patients, not applicable in cardiothoracic surgery |
Bioreactance | NICOM® | Validated in only one study in critically ill patients |