Table 2 Plasma mediator release during mechanical ventilation; patient and animal data

Calfee et al. [19]

ICU patients

12 ml/kg versus 6 ml/kg

sICAM-1

Eisner et al. [20]

ICU patients

12 ml/kg versus 6 ml/kg

SP-D

Parsons et al. [21]

ICU patients

12 ml/kg versus 6 ml/kg

IL-6, IL-8

Parsons et al. [22]

ICU patients

12 ml/kg versus 6 ml/kg

sTNFR-1

Ranieri et al. [23]

ARDS patients

11 ml/kg, PEEP 6 versus 8 ml/kg, PEEP 15

TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1RA, sTNFR-55/75

Stuber et al. [24]

ICU patients

12 ml/kg, PEEP 5 versus 5 ml/kg, PEEP 15

IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1RA

ARDS Network [5]

ICU patients

12 ml/kg versus 6 ml/kg

IL-6

Ware et al. [25]

ICU patients

12 ml/kg versus 6 ml/kg

PAI-1, aPC

Chen et al. [17]

Healthy rats

Non-ventilated versus 40 ml/kg

Active PAI-1

Chiumello et al. [202]

Acid aspiration in rats

16 ml/kg versus 16 ml/kg, 5 PEEP versus 9 ml/kg versus 9 ml/kg, 5 PEEP versus same with recruitment maneuvers

TNF-α, MIP-2

Choi et al. [18]

Healthy rats

20 ml/kg versus 7 ml/kg

VEGF

Crimi et al. [11]

Hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in rats

12 ml/kg, PEEP 0 versus 6 ml/kg, PEEP 5

IL-6, MIP-2

Dhanireddy et al. [12]

S. aureus aspiration in mice

SB versus 10 ml/kg

IL-6, KC, MIP-2

Guery et al. [203]

Healthy rats

30 ml/kg versus 10 ml/kg

TNF-α

Haitsma et al. [16]

Pneumonia in rats

12 ml/kg versus 6 ml/kg, PEEP 5, versus SB

TATc, active tPA

Haitsma et al. [204]

LPS aspiration and i.p. in rats

45 cmH₂O versus 45 cmH₂O, PEEP 10

TNF-α

Haitsma et al. [205]

LPS aspiration and i.p. in rats

45 cmH₂O versus 45 cmH₂O, PEEP 10

TNF-α

Haitsma et al. [206]

Healthy rats

32 cmH₂O versus 32 cmH₂O, PEEP 6 versus 13 cmH₂O, PEEP 3

IL-6, MIP-2

Herrera et al. [207]

Septic rats

20 ml/kg versus 6 ml/kg versus 20 ml/kg, PEEP AIP versus 6 ml/kg, PEEP AIP

TNF-α, IL-6

Imai et al. [10]

Acid aspiration in rabbits

15 to 17 ml/kg, PEEP 0 to 3 versus 5 to 7 ml/kg, PEEP 9 to 12

MCP-1, IL-8, GRO, sFasL

Kobr et al. [26]

Healthy piglets

SB versus 6 ml/kg versus 10 ml/kg

VCAM-1, ICAM-1

Murphy et al. [208]

LPS aspiration in rabbits

12 ml/kg versus 5 ml/kg, PEEP 10 to 12

TNF-α

Oliveira-Junior et al. [209]

Healthy rats

42 ml/kg versus 7 ml/kg

TNF-α, IL-1β

O'Mahony et al. [13]

LPS i.p. in mice

SB versus 10 ml/kg

IL-6, KC, MIP-2, TNF-α

Schortgen et al. [210]

P. aeruginosa aspiration in rats

27 ml/kg versus 6 ml/kg versus 6 ml/kg, PEEP 8 versus PLV versus SB

TNF-α

Vaschetto et al. [14]

LPS aspiration in rats

15 ml/kg, PEEP 0 versus 6 ml/kg, PEEP 5

IL-6, TNF-α

Vreugdenhil et al. [211]

Healthy rats

32 cmH₂O versus 32 cmH₂O, PEEP 6 versus 14 cmH₂O, PEEP 6

MIP-2

Wolthuis et al. [212]

Healthy mice

15 ml/kg versus 8 ml/kg

IL-6, KC