Figure 4

Effect of anti-PD-L1 antibody treatment. Anti-programmed death ligand-1 (anti-PD-L1) antibody treatment improved the ability of monocytes from septic shock patients to produce proinflammatory cytokines and decreased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines in vitro. (a) to (c) Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were separated from whole blood of septic patients and CD14⁺ monocytes were purified using immunomagnetic beads coated with anti-CD14 monoclonal antibody. CD14⁺ monocytes were incubated with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 ng/ml), anti-PD-L1 antibody (10 μg/ml), isotype antibody (10 μg/ml), or a combination of LPS (100 ng/ml) and anti-PD-L1 antibody (10 μg/ml) or isotype antibody (10 μg/ml) for 24 hours. The supernatants were collected for ELISAs of (a) TNFα, (b) IL-6 and (c) IL-10. Data are mean ± standard error of the mean of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.