Glutamate-induced injury
|
Massieu and colleagues [55]
|
i.v.
|
AcAc infusion for 14 days in adult rodent model prior to and during glutamate-induced injury
|
Decreased neuronal damage, decreased lesion volume and increased cellular ATP levels
|
|
Noh and colleagues [57, 58]
|
p.o.
|
21-day-old mice fed ketogenic diet prior to kianic-induced neuronal damage
|
Preservation of neurons in hippocampus by inhibiting caspase-3-mediated apoptosis
|
|
Mejia-Toiber and colleagues [56]
|
In vivo
|
BHB applied before glutamate-induced neurotoxicity
|
BHB reduces injury and lipoperoxidation
|
|
Maalouf and colleagues [54]
|
In vivo
|
Addition of BHB to in vitro model of glutamate neurotoxicity
|
Reduction in free radical formation and enhanced mitochondrial respiration
|
Cerebral hypoxia
|
Puchowicz and colleagues [60]
|
p.o.
|
Rats fed ketogenic diet 3 weeks prior to hypoxic injury
|
Decreased cerebral lactate and increased tolerance of hypoxia
|
|
Masuda and colleagues [59]
|
In vivo
|
Rat neurons exposed to hypoxia following treatment with BHB
|
Decreased cell death and number of apoptotic cells with maintenance of mitochondrial membrane
|
Cerebral ischemia
|
Suzuki and colleagues [70]
|
i.v.
|
Rats infused with BHB 3 to 6 hours after bilateral carotid artery occlusion
|
Decreased cerebral edema and sodium content and increased ATP levels
|
|
Suzuki and colleagues [63]
|
i.v.
|
BHB infusions following occlusion of the middle cerebral artery
|
50% reduction in cerebral infarct volume
|
|
Marie and colleagues [69]
|
Fasted
|
Adult rats fasted for 24 hours before four-vessel occlusion
|
Decreased mortality, post-traumatic seizures and brain lactate
|
|
Go and colleagues [68]
|
Fasted
|
Starvation-induced ketosis followed by carotid occlusion
|
Fasting protected rats from brain infarction
|
Traumatic brain injury
|
Prins and colleagues [65]
|
i.v.
|
BHB infusion following TBI in adult rats
|
Increase in serum BHB and cerebral BHB and improved cortical ATP levels
|
|
Prins and colleagues [64]
|
p.o.
|
Rats with TBI fed ketogenic diet
|
50% reduction in cortical contusion volume
|
|
Biros and Nordness [67]
|
p.o.
|
Rats of differing ages fed ketogenic diet following TBI
|
Younger rats demonstrated larger reduction in contusion volume
|
|
Hu and colleagues [61, 62]
|
p.o.
|
Rats fed ketogenic diet prior to TBI
|
Reduced brain edema and cellular apoptosis in rats fed ketone diet
|