Table 1 Nutrition and nosocomial pneumonia: study characteristics

randomization

outcome accessor

VAP

Young et al [22]

Nasogastric

Head injury

`Was randomly

All patients received

7 Exclusions:

Neurosurgen

Infiltrate and

enteral nutrition

patients

assigned to'

prokinetic

5-early death, 2

evaluating

leukocytosis

vs total

-withdrew

outcomes was

premature cells,

parenteral

blinded

fever, positive

nutrition

sputum culture

Moore et al [23]

Enteral nutrition

Trauma patients

`Randomized by

Broad spectrum

No exclusions:

Outcome

New infiltrate and

via needle

requiring

computer

antibiotics to both

4-early death,

assessment not

fever, leukocytosis

catheter

emergency

assignment'

groups

3-reoperation,

blinded

and purulent

jejunostomy vs

celiotomy

3-chronic illness,

sputum

total parenteral

2-ATI> 40,

nutrition

2-head injury,

1-mechanical

failure,

1-transfer

Kudsk et al [24]

Enteral nutrition

Patients with blunt

`Computer

NR

2 Exclusions:

Secondary

New infiltrate and

via needle

and penetrating

generated

death within 4

confirmation of

leukocytosis,

jejunostomy vs

abdominal trauma

randomization

days

outcome by

positive sputum or

total parenteral

table'

blinded surgeon

BAL, or purulent

nutrition

sputum

Borzotta et al [25]

Enteral nutrition

Patients with

`Computer

Jejunostomy group

NR

Outcome

Infiltrate and

via needle

severe closed head

generated random

had gastrostomy

assessment not

fever, leukocytosis,

catheter

injury

number

tube drainage

blinded

leukorrhea and

jejunostomy vs

assignment'

bacteria on Gram

nutrition

Eyer et al [26]

Early (<24 h)

Patients with blunt

`Randomization by

All patients received

14 Exclusions:

Outcome

New infiltrate and

nasoduodenal

abdominal trauma

card drawn from

either sucralfate or

3-regular diet,

assessment not

significant growth

tube feeding vs

sealed envelope'

antacids but group not

3-steroids,

blinded

on sputum

late (>72 h)

specified

2-no NGT,

culture with <10

nasoduodenal

6-miscellaneous

epithelial cells,

tube feeding

>25 wbc/hpf OR

secretions, fever

and leukocytosis

Montecalvo et al [27]

Gastric vs jejunal

Medical and

`Randomly

25 Patients received

5 Patients crossed

Cultures

New and

tube feeding

surgical ICU

assigned

sucralfate; 1 H₂RA;

over from jejunal to

reviewed blinded

persistent

patients

according to

2 H₂RA and antacids;

gastric group and

to group

infiltrate and

computer

8 sucralfate and

2 patients crossed

assignment

three of: purulent

generated random

either H₂RA or

over from gastric

sputum with

number code'

antacids; 1 no stress

to jejunal group;

numerous

ulcer prophylaxis, but

these 7 patients

bacteria, purulent

group not specified

were included until

sputum with

the day they

nosocomial

crossed over

pathogen, T>38⁶,

or wbc >10

Bonten et al [28]

Intermittent

Mixed ICU

`Randomization

Intermittent: 13-

None

Outcome

New and

enteral feeding

patients and

was performed

antacids and 17-

assessment not

persistent

(18 h) vs

cardiac surgery

with sealed

sucralfate;

blinded

infiltrate and 3 of:

continuous

patients needing

envelopes'

continuous: 7 -

T>38 or T<35⁵

enteral feeding

ventilation > 3

antacids and 23 -

OR wbc > 10

(24 h)

days

sucralfate

and/or left shift

or wbc < 3 OR 10

wbc/hpf on ET

Gram strain OR

positive ET

aspirate and one

of these: BAL

(positive if > 10⁴

CFU/ml) OR

PSB (positive if

>10³ CFU/ml)

OR positive

blood culture OR

positive pleural

culture

Gottsschlich et al [29]

Modular tube

Burn patients

`Random number

NR

NR

Physicians,

Infiltrate and

feeding vs two

(>10% BSA)

table stratified for

nurses,

positive sputum

standard enteral

age, center and

technicians,

culture and

feeding

burn size'

clinical and

systemic

(Osmolite vs

research

antibotics

Traumacal)

personnel were

blinded

Moore et al [30]

Early enteral

Trauma patients

`Randomized by a

NR

16 exclusions:

Outcome

New and

immune-

computer-

9-inappropriate

assessment not

progressive

enhancing

generated

randomizations,

blinded

infiltrate, fever,

feeding vs

schedule'

7-drop -outs

leukocytosis,

standard enteral

1-early death

positive sputum

feeding

Gram stain with

(Vivonex)

many polys

Kudsk et al [31]

Early immune-

Trauma patients

`Computer-

Short-term broad

NR

All caregivers

New or changing

enhancing

requiring

generated

spectrum antibiotics

blinded except

infiltrate and

feeding via

emergency

randomization

to both groups

nutritionist

fever,

jejunostomy vs

celiotomy

table'

leukocytosis,

standard enteral

purulent sputum

feeding

underwent BAL

(Promote)

(positive if > 10³

CFU/hpf)